Place of birth and date of birth of Omar Khayyam Neishaburi
Ghiyath al-Din Abulfath Umar ibn Ibrahim Khayyam of Neishaburi was born on May 28, 439 AH in Neishaburi. He was one of the great scientists of the fifth century during the Seljuk period. He was also a mathematician, philosopher, omniscient, astronomer, and poet of the Iranian quartet.
The status and fame of Khayyam was very high in his time, as he was praised with great nicknames such as Hajjah al-Haq, Imam and Philosopher. Hakim Omar Khayyam had a higher scientific position than his literary position, but he gained world fame by writing his quatrains. Khayyam's quatrains exist in various living languages of the world, but most of his fame in the West is due to the translation of his quatrains into English by Edward Fitzgerald.
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Hakim Omar Khayyam Neishabouri was considered one of the greatest scientists of his time and had a rich and extraordinary intelligence as well as a strong and powerful memory.
Hakim Omar Khayyam learned the common sciences of his time such as mathematics and philosophy in his hometown. According to some historians, he was a student of Ibn Sina, but there are many contradictions in terms of time. In fact, this scientist was one of the students of Imam Mowafq Nishaburi. Hakim Omar Khayyam migrated to Samarkand in 561 AH after learning the sciences of astronomy, philosophy, hadith and interpretation, and wrote his first book of algebra under the supervision of the judge of Samarkand.
In his youth, Khayyam achieved high positions in philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics by studying science and knowledge. He also became so proficient in medicine that he treated Sultan Sanjar's smallpox during his childhood.
The fame of Hakim Omar Khayyam
Khayyam's fame is more in poetry, but in reality he was a philosopher and mathematician.
Valuable books in various sciences have been authored by Hakim Omar Khayyam Nishaburi. His poems are in Persian and Arabic languages.
Important events took place during Khayyam's lifetime, including the fall of the Al-Buyeh government, the crusades, and the rise of the Seljuq government. Khayyam spent most of his life in the city of Neishabur, in fact, he only left the city of Neishabur twice during his life. The first time was to perform the Hajj ceremony and the second time was a trip to the city of Ray and Bukhara.
Hakim Omar Khayyam had a high skill in astronomy, so a group of astronomers cooperated with him in building the observatory of Sultan Malek Shah Seljuk.
Khayyam revised the calendar at the request of the Seljuk sultan Malik Shah, which was called the Jalali calendar.
Hakim Omar Khayyam was an astrologer and the results of his calculations and some other scientists during the era of Jalal al-Din Malik Shah Seljuk led to the creation of today's Iranian calendar. There is also a treatise by Khayyam about his astronomical calculations, which was written by him. In addition to being proficient in mathematics and astronomy, this scientist also had sufficient expertise in philosophy, world history, linguistics and jurisprudence. He taught Greek science and philosophy and encouraged his students to develop self and physical exercise. This issue made most of the Sufis and mystics of that time consider themselves close to him.
Nowruz Nameh, the famous work of Omar Khayyam, deals with the origin of Nowruz and its rituals in the Sassanid court with simple and fluent prose. In this treatise, the Jahandari ritual of Iranian emperors is discussed.
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Achievements of Hakim Omar Khayyam Neishaburi
In the following, we will discuss the scientific, artistic and philosophical achievements of Hakim Omar Khayyam.
the literature
Rabaiyat Khayyam, who was a famous mathematician and philosopher of his time, remained hidden from the eyes of his contemporaries. Periods like Nizami Prozodi or Abul Hasan Beyhaqi were indifferent to Khayyam's poetry.
The old book in which Khayyam's poetry is mentioned is the book of Kharidat al-Qasr by Emad al-Din Isfahani. This book was written in Arabic in 572, about 50 years after Khayyam's death. Mursad al-Abad Najmuddin Razi is another book that mentions this issue. This book was composed about 100 years after Khayyam's death in 620 AH. Najmuddin criticized Sufi Khayyam for his excessive prejudice and blasphemous thoughts.
Literary works of Hakim Omar Khayyam
Old books belonging to (before the 9th century) that contain Khayyam's poems are:
Selected history of Hamdullah Mostofi (730 A.H.)
History of Jahangosh (658 AD)
Mons al-Ahrar (741 AH)
Nazah al-Majlis (731 AH)
A war of constructions and poems
A collection similar to the Tazkira was found by Qasim Ghani in the library of the National Council.
Mathematical discoveries of Hakim Omar Khayyam
Before Khayyam's Treatise on Algebra was discovered, the reforms of the Iranian year and month made him famous in the East and the translation of his quatrains made him famous in the West. Khayyam's activity in mathematics, especially in algebra, was not used as a first-hand source by European mathematicians, but it can be said that Khayyam was influential in the development of mathematics in Europe by Tusi. The oldest book that a contemporary writer has with Khayyam and mentions him is Nizami Prozadi, the author of four articles; But according to him, Khayyam is in the ranks of astronomers, and he does not mention his quatrains.
He was the first person to specify that it is possible for a cubic equation to have more than one answer or there may be no answer at all.
Euclid's collection of essays is considered one of Hakim Omar Khayyam's works. In this book, he was able to prove the principle of Euclid's fifth theorem in relation to the theorem of parallel lines, which is the rule of Euclidean geometry, by examining the principles of Euclidean geometry.
Astrology of Hakim Omar Khayyam
Ordering the chronology of Iran during the ministry of Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk and the kingdom of Malik Shah Seljuqi is one of the important works of Khayyam. The calculation of the orbit of the earth around the sun to 16 decimal places was done by Omar Khayyam. This work was done in 458 AH on 25th Farvardin (3rd Ramadan 471 AH).
There are important researches and writings such as Risal al-Baraheen Ali al-Jabr problems and al-Maqabalah by Khayyam as a mathematician and astronomer, in which he mainly uses his geometrical algebra to solve cubic equations.
Solving quadratic equations is done by him using the geometric methods of Euclid's principles. Then it shows the solvability of third degree equations by cutting the conic sections together. Khayyam does not consider the zero answer in the equations, nor was he aware of the existence of negative and illusory answers in the equations in his treatises.
Music
Khayyam has also studied the mathematics of music.
Philosophy
There are five philosophical treatises of Khayyam, which are:
Fi al-kun and al-Taklif fi al-jood
Al-Diyaa al-Aqli in the subject of Al-Al-Akli
The answer to three problems
Necessity of conflict in the world and predestination and survival
Among these works, there is only a treatise in Persian on the science of generalities, and the rest are in Arabic. In 472 A.H., Khayyam translated Ibn Sina's Tawhidiyah sermon into Persian.
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Death of Hakim Omar Khayyam
Hakim Omar Khayyam Nishaburi in 517 AH. He died in the city of Neishabur. Currently, the tomb of Khayyam is located in the city of Nishaboro in the garden where the tomb of Imamzadeh Mahrooq (AS) is located.
The place of Khayyam's grave was predicted by him before his death. Nizami Prozodi heard this prediction from Omar Khayyam when he met him: "May my grave be in a position where every spring the north will bloom on me."
After four years of Khayyam's death, when he traveled to Nishabur, seeing the mausoleum of this great poet, he saw his grave exactly where he had said.