تطوير القراءة
وفقًا لبعض الباحثين ، يتقدم المتعلمون (الأطفال والكبار) عبر عدة مراحل أثناء تعلم القراءة باللغة الإنجليزية أولاً ، ثم تحسين مهارات القراءة لديهم. ومن الخبراء المعترف بهم في هذا المجال الأستاذة بجامعة هارفارد جين ستيرنليخت تشال. في عام 1983 نشرت كتابًا بعنوان مراحل تطور القراءة والذي اقترح ست مراحل. [108] [109]
بعد ذلك ، في عام 2008 ، نشرت ماريان وولف ، كلية الدراسات العليا للتعليم والمعلومات بجامعة كاليفورنيا ، كتابًا بعنوان Proust and the Squid ، تصف فيه وجهة نظرها في المراحل الخمس التالية لتنمية القراءة. من الطبيعي أن يتحرك الأطفال خلال هذه المراحل بمعدلات مختلفة ؛ ومع ذلك ، فإن الأعمار النموذجية للأطفال في الولايات المتحدة موضحة أدناه.
القارئ الأولي الناشئ: من 6 أشهر إلى 6 سنوات
وقت القراءة في مدرسة ابتدائية في ريف جمهورية لاو الديمقراطية الشعبية ، جنوب شرق آسيا. في عام 2017 ، ما يقرب من 70٪ من الأطفال البالغين من العمر خمس سنوات غير مسجلين في برامج تعليم الطفولة المبكرة ، وكان الأطفال في المناطق التي يصعب الوصول إليها ومن العائلات الفقيرة هم الأكثر استبعادًا. [112] تستخدم فترة القراءة اليومية الموضحة هنا الكتب المقدمة من Big Brother Mouse ، وهي منظمة غير ربحية تروج للقراءة في مدارس وقرى لاو.
عادة ما تستمر مرحلة ما قبل القراءة الناشئة ، والمعروفة أيضًا باسم الاستعداد للقراءة ، خلال السنوات الخمس الأولى من حياة الطفل. يتكلم الأطفال عادة الكلمات القليلة الأولى قبل عيد ميلادهم الأول. [115] يساعد المعلمون وأولياء الأمور المتعلمين على تطوير مهاراتهم في الاستماع والتحدث والقراءة والكتابة. [116]
تساعد القراءة للأطفال على تطوير مفرداتهم وحب القراءة والوعي الصوتي ، أي القدرة على سماع الأصوات الفردية (الصوتيات) للغة الشفوية والتلاعب بها. غالبًا ما "يقرأ" الأطفال القصص التي حفظوها. ومع ذلك ، في أواخر التسعينيات ، وجد باحثو الولايات المتحدة أن الطريقة التقليدية للقراءة للأطفال لم تحدث فرقًا كبيرًا في قدرتهم اللاحقة على القراءة لأن الأطفال يقضون وقتًا قصيرًا نسبيًا في النظر فعليًا إلى النص. ومع ذلك ، في برنامج القراءة المشترك مع الأطفال في سن الرابعة ، وجد المعلمون أن توجيه انتباه الأطفال إلى الحروف والكلمات (على سبيل المثال لفظيًا أو الإشارة إلى الكلمات) أحدث فرقًا كبيرًا في القراءة المبكرة والتهجئة والفهم. [82] [118] [119]
القارئ المبتدئ: من 6 إلى 7 سنوات
يواصل القراء المبتدئون تطوير وعيهم الصوتي ، ويدركون أن الحروف (حروف اللغة) تتصل بأصوات اللغة (الصوتيات) ؛ المعروف باسم فك التشفير ، والصوتيات ، والمبدأ الأبجدي. [120] يمكنهم أيضًا حفظ أنماط الحروف الأكثر شيوعًا وبعض الكلمات عالية التردد التي لا تتبع بالضرورة القواعد الصوتية الأساسية (على سبيل المثال ، have and who). ومع ذلك ، فمن الخطأ افتراض أن القارئ يفهم معنى النص لمجرد أنه يستطيع فك تشفيره. تعد المفردات وفهم اللغة الشفوية أيضًا جزءًا مهمًا من فهم النص كما هو موضح في العرض البسيط للقراءة وحبل قراءة سكاربورو والنظرة النشطة لنموذج القراءة. القراءة والكلام يعتمدان على بعضهما البعض: القراءة تعزز تطوير المفردات والمفردات الأكثر ثراءً تسهل القراءة الماهرة.
قارئ فك التشفير: من 7 إلى 9 سنوات
يتميز الانتقال من مرحلة القارئ المبتدئ إلى مرحلة فك التشفير بتقليل النطق المؤلم واستبداله بأصوات قارئ أكثر سلاسة وثقة. في هذه المرحلة ، يضيف القارئ ما لا يقل عن 3000 كلمة إلى ما يمكنه فك تشفيره. على سبيل المثال ، في اللغة الإنجليزية ، يتعلم القراء الآن أشكال الحافات المستندة إلى حرف العلة (مثل sat ، mat ، cat) [123] وأزواج الحروف المتحركة (أيضًا digraph) (مثل المطر ، اللعب ، القارب) [124]
مع تقدم القراء ، يتعلمون تكوين الأشكال (أي السيقان والجذور والبادئات واللواحق). يتعلمون الأشكال الشائعة مثل "s" و "ed" ويعتبرونها "أجزاء بصرية". "كلما كان الطفل أسرع في رؤية قطع رأسه هو أن يكون + رأس + محرر" ، زادت سرعة قراءته بطلاقة.
في بداية هذه المرحلة ، غالبًا ما يكرس الطفل قدرًا كبيرًا من القدرة العقلية لعملية فك التشفير بحيث لا يفهم الكلمات التي يتم قراءتها. ومع ذلك فهي مرحلة مهمة تسمح للطفل بتحقيق هدفه النهائي المتمثل في أن يصبح طليقًا وتلقائيًا.
اقرا المزيد
[url=https://kutbi.info/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3/]التربية البدنية والدفاع عن النفس ثالث متوسط[/url]
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